Mud City Book Report Essay

Mud City by Deborah Ellis has a person vs. self conflict. Throughout the book, the main character Shauzia is constantly battling with herself so she can make her way from Pakistan to France. At the age of fourteen and living in current Pakistan, she has many things to deal with each day including other people who make her doubt herself. But, she is determined to finish her journey and prove those people wrong. Mrs. Weera helped Shauzia into the refugee camp. Although some people would kill to get into there and have any sort of food and shelter, Shauzia wants more. When she asks to get paid for all of her services that she has done in the camp, Mrs. Weera denies even the thought of it. â€Å" ‘You don’t know what it’s like out there. You’ve always been taken care of. You won’t be able to manage on your own’ † (Ellis 19). Shauzia was furious by this accusation and made up her mind immediately. She would leave this camp and prove herself to Mrs. Weera. But when Shauzia had been delivered back to the camp after a very interesting journey alone in Peshawar, she realizes that they don’t care if she proves herself or not. To Shauzia, it seemed as though Mrs.  Weera did not care enough to even pay her any attention. So Shauzia devised a plan to sneak into the locked flour shack and prove herself once again by stealing flour for her part of camp. But as she was running from the shack a man grabbed the flour out of her arms and proceeded to hit her. â€Å"He raised his arm and slammed his fist into Shauzia’s head. She dropped to the ground. Her head hit the dirt with a thud, and she watched the man run off with her flour† (Ellis 133). She woke up in a hospital bed with a broken leg and cast sometime later. All she could think about was how she had failed to keep the flour from the man. Children always seem to think they are smarter than adults. Even if someone says not to do something, they try to prove how cool they are by doing it anyways. Shauzia continues to do this throughout the book. Eventually she finds that the only person she is proving things to is herself. She decides to continue her journey with someone who she always thought needed to be proved wrong†¦ Mrs. Weera. In the end, Shauzia realizes that other people haven’t always been her problem. Her problem is herself. Finally at the beginning of yet another journey, she finds that this constant battle with herself has come to a close.

Humanities Religion Paper Essay

Throughout the span of this course I have learned what it takes to build a successful empire. There are many tactics that are involved in constructing an empire that is stable, which include an effective irrigation system, having an army, land for crops to grow, a system of government, the development of social classes, a trading system, tools and specialized skills for the making of goods, and a shared standpoint of religious beliefs. The one thing that I found most intriguing is how throughout the period of time every civilization has had some sort of caste system. A caste system is a social structure which separates individuals of a civilization into their inherited social class; it can also prohibit the marriage of two individuals of different caste. In the time we live in now you can still separate people into a variety of different social classes such as: upper class, upper middle-class, middle-class, lower middle-class and poor. But let’s rewind a few thousand years in to one of the earliest known civilizations, the Mesopotamians. The history of Mesopotamians can be separated into two categories, the Sumerian period and the Semitic period. During these periods I see the caste system come into play because Priests were at the top of the chain, they were the ones who controlled religious and economic dealings. The Law Code of Hammurabi, I would also consider to be part of a caste system. Majority of the Law code’s requirements deal with the relationship between a husband and wife, along with the relationship between other members of the family, these are a couple of the passages from the code: 131. If a man accuses his wife and she has not been taken lying with another man, she shall take an oath in the name of god and she shall return to her house (book). 145. If a man takes his wife and she does not present him with children, and he sets his face to take a concubine, that man may take a concubine and bring her into his house (book). Even though these do not directly deal with a certain social standing they do however show the standing of women during this period, and also these laws would apply to anyone in any social class. The Egyptians had their own form of the caste system. Egypt was structured so that there was an upper and lower caste. They had a strongly controlled government ruled by one single ruler, the pharaoh. The pharaoh was regarded as a living god, the equal of any other deity (book). Right below the pharaoh was the priest, whose responsibility was to preserve the tradition of religious beliefs. Pharaohs are at the top of the chain, government officials fall directly below the pharaoh and consist of nobles and priests. Next on the chain below the government officials would be the soldiers, merchants and artisans fell directly under the soldiers, farmers were second to last on the chain and then at the very bottom you find the slaves. During ancient Greece time in the city of Athens, I see a form of the caste system fall into place. Social classes during the ancient Greece period applied strictly to men and women took their social standing from their husbands. Any person born into an Athenian family is considered to be a citizen and part of the upper class during this period. The middle class was comprised with merchants, merchants were any men who were non-citizens and are ineligible to become a citizen. The lower class was any freed slave. A slave could become free only if his/her ransom was paid off by a family member. Again you see the slaves fall at the very bottom of all caste systems. Athenians viewed their slaves as barbarians because most, if not all were from a foreign region. I have also learned that the Romans had a set caste system. In my book it states that the Romans had an extremely hard working middle class that were devoted to their central government. When I was reading this, all I could think about is how my family would be considered middle class and how hard working both my parents are. They are devoted to making sure I am provided with what I need, which is what Augustine wanted for the Romans. Augustine’s social reforms were intended directly at the upper classes and were anticipated to return his people to traditional family values. During the Roman republic citizens were split into two classes the patricians and the plebeians. Patricians also known as aristocrats filled the upper class; they had elite rights to the Roman Senate and magistrates. The lower class was known as the plebeians. The plebeians would elect leaders to represent them and their interests while also protecting the lower class people against states officials who treated them discriminatorily. The Aryans are the true developers of the caste system. They made a separation between nobility and the common people. The caste system of the Aryans divided their society into castes of priesthood, the warriors, the laborers and the serfs. India went through many changes and so did their caste system. The caste system was one the shaping social forces in India, reinforced by many laws concerning marriage, table exclusion, laws of rituals purity and so on (book). I have found the caste system of India the most fascinating so far, I believe it most accurately represents the way we caste individuals now.

The Roots and Backwash of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Research Paper

The Roots and Backwash of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - Research Paper Example The Exxon Valdez supertanker was traveling outside normal shipping lanes as it was avoiding ice and after 6 hours of grounding, the ship damaged 8 of its 11 tankers and spilled a portion of its Prudhoe Bay oil cargo (Cutler, 2008).   Massive cleanup efforts by Exxon and the US Coast Guard were immediately started.   Thousands of Alaskan residents helped in the cleanup efforts and eventually after about three years, the US Coast Guard declared the clean-up complete (Exxon Mobil, n.d).   The cleanup started in April 1989 until September of 1989 for the first year and went on in 1990 and 1991 during the summer months and some shoreline monitoring in the winter months (Cutler, 2008).   Based on the assessment of the National Transportation Safety Board, there were 5 possible causes of the grounding: 1). The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel possibly because of fatigue and excess workload; 2). The master failed to give proper navigation watch probably because of al cohol intoxication; 3). Exxon Shipping Company did not supervise the master and provide rest for their crew; 4). The US Coast Guard did not provide an effective vessel traffic system, and 5). There were no sufficient pilot and escort services (Cutler, 2008).  Ã‚   The environmental and economic consequences of the disaster amount to more than just three years of cleanup; they amount to profits lost, damage to coasts, and other sea and bird life.   These consequences shall now be discussed in detail.   These economic consequences shall cover the ecological cost of the oil spill itself, the economic costs as shouldered by Exxon Company during the cleanup, and the penalties charged against the company for the disaster.  Ã‚  Ã‚   About 3700 to 5800 mammals from 9 different species were affected by the oil spill.   Three hundred direct mortalities were reported for seals while 2,800 mortalities were reported for otters and these deaths were mostly due to the breathing and ingestion of the toxic oil.

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Macroeconomics - Essay Example It is computed as the difference between exports and imports. GDP is flawed for the following reasons: "it does not include the value of non-market production and leisure; it contains intermediate and regrettable expenditures that do not contribute to economic welfare; government expenditure on health, education, social services and environmental protection does not necessarily reflect outcomes in these areas; it does not account for resources required for sustainable development; and it does not directly measure investment in social capital." 3. What is fiscal policy Using the income expenditure model, explain the effect of an increase in government spending on real output. What factors or possible problems should a government bear in mind when devising an expansionary fiscal policy Fiscal policy aims to correct the economy by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending. For example, if the economy is down and the government wishes to fuel the economy, it will reduce tax levels. This will give consumers more disposable income and encourage spending. With the increase in demand, businesses will then turn to higher production. It can be seen that in fiscal policy, the sensitivity of interest rate is not significant for the policy to be effective. In this type of macroeconomic tool, the economy is corrected without influencing the level of interest rate in the economy. The policy directly targets consumer spending and business production. However, economists should also take into account that any increase in government spending (a fiscal policy) will have a tendency in raising interest rates, causing private investment and net exports to fall. This is known as the crowding out effect. 4. Give short definitions of both the IS and LM curves and briefly explain how this model can help economists understand the interaction between the goods and money markets. Show how the IS and LM curves can be derived and explain how equilibrium is reached. The IS curve shows the combinations of interest rates and the aggregate output for which the goods market is in equilibrium, while the LM curve gives out combinations for which the money market is in equilibrium. The IS curve is the downward sloping schedule which shows the equilibrium in the goods market. The slope of the IS curve denotes the interest elasticity of investment demand and the marginal propensity to save. The LM

About Mike Pence, Indiana research project Paper

About Mike Pence, Indiana project - Research Paper Example In what ways is he or she atypical (atypical is the opposite of typical)?   Base your judgment on the profile of the typical member of Congress found in American and Texas Government, p. 249. (10 pts.) Mike Pence was born June 7, 1959 in Columbus and was one of six children. He graduated from Hanover College in 1981 and continued his education at the Indiana University of Law, graduating in 1986. In his early career he was a practicing attorney. Mike Pence was born in Columbus, Indiana, graduated from Hanover College in 1981 and earned his J.D. from Indiana University School of Law in 1986. Congressman Pence is married to his wife, Karen, and they have three children. In 1992, he began a career as a radio broadcaster and in 1994 became the voice of â€Å"The Mike Pence Show† for Network Indiana, which was heard throughout the state. The show was heard Monday through Friday, appearing on 18 stations. From 1995 to 1999 he hosed a Sunday morning television program with a political theme. A conservative republican, Mike Pence proclaims to be a Christian and attends The Community Church of Greenwood in Greenwood, Indiana (Mike Pence: Wikipedia). Many politicians begin their care ers in the legal field. As an example, President Obama has an education as an attorney and has had a career as such. While not completely unheard of, however, the aspect of his career as a radio personality and television host might be considered as atypical. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Write a paragraph describing the Representatives political background. Identify the elected and appointed positions in government the Representative held (if any) before winning election to Congress.   When was the Representative first elected to Congress? Is the Representative a career politician? What is the basis for your judgment? (10 pts.) Mike Pence was named as the president of a conservative think tank in 1991 called the Indiana Policy Review Foundation. Both in 1988 and in 1990, preceding his appointment

Innovation. Innovative techniques of a manufacturing company Assignment

Innovation. Innovative techniques of a manufacturing company - Assignment Example It is not possible to apply the innovative techniques of a manufacturing company, in a service sector. This is because the two business models operate in different spheres, and the main different is depicted in the nature of the products they produce. The service sector deals with intangible goods, while the manufacturing sector deals with tangible goods. An example of a service is the delivery of mails, by Fed Ex Company (Chang, 2011). It is important for the service industry to create a culture of innovation while conducting their activities. This is because the service sector is a major employer, and greatly contributes to the development of an economy. However there are challenges that can prevent entrepreneurs in a service sector from innovating. This is because there aren’t any clear guidelines on how to innovate for a service sector (Chang, 2011). However, an entrepreneur can overcome this challenge by appreciating the service in which an entrepreneur provides to the co mmunity. This will create a proper mindset that will advocate for the improvement of the service to carter for the various needs of its customers. It is essential to separate the physiology, structure and the context within which the business operation focuses on. By doing this, the organization will broaden its scope of innovating, and therefore overcome the challenges that the service sector faces in developing an innovation (Omachonu et al, 2010). An example depicting an organization that appreciates its scope of operation and created ideas for its relevance in the market is easy jet. The main objective of the company is to make it easier for customers to access services. As a result of this objective, the company developed various products such as, Easy Cruise, Easy Pizza, and EasyCinema. This was possible because of the right mindset emanating from the management because of appreciating the context of their business operations. Another method of overcoming the challenges is to create a research and development department within the organization. The department should be responsible for carrying out a market research on the requirements of a customer, and on how to satisfy their needs (Dodgson et al, 2010) . The department should be responsible for analyzing the feedbacks of the sales representatives of the company, and the various customers that the organization serves. The department should also look at the strategies of the organizations competitors, and analyze their innovative tendencies. Basing on the results of their analysis, the department should advice the management of an organization on whether to copy the style of their competitors’ mode of operation, or to develop their own strategies. On this note, the R and D department is an important element of overcoming challenges that emanate from innovating in a service industry. Another method of overcoming the challenges that emanate for innovating in a service sector is to focus on the core elements of the company (Chang, 2011), this is as opposed on innovating in the supplemental elements of the company, such as friendly customer care services, effective problem solving mechanisms, after sales services, such as an extra service to the customer without any charge. These supplementary services can be copied by their rival companies. On this note, to maintain an edge over their rivals, the organization should focus on improving its core business objective. An example is the innovative ideas of CNN in making its services accessible on a 24hr basis. Google initiated measures of improving the speed of its search engine network, and Fed Ex initiated measures of speedily delivering packages to their clients by working for 24hrs a day. However, it is not only important to focus on the core element or objective of the business, it is important to focus on other supplemental elements of the business organization while creating a product that will be attractive in the market. In as much as supplementary ser

Annotated resources Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Resources - Annotated Bibliography Example All the actions that are described in the gospel reflect to actions in the environment. There is the keeping of track of the prophecy of coming of the messiah in the gospel. The gospel does not extend after resurrection of Messiah but ends after there is discovery that the tomb was empty. In the gospel, it is brought out the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist to be an event that aimed mainly in preparing the way. Isaiah writes that there would be a messenger that was to be sent who was to prepare the way. John the Baptist goes in the wilderness preaching about preparing the way for the son of God and preaching about baptism as a way of repentance and forgiveness of sins. He baptized people in river Jordan where the Messiah also is baptized. As Jesus came out of water after baptism, the haven was open and a dove descended with a voice from heaven which said that he was the son of God with whom he is pleased. After baptism, john was put in prison but Jesus went to Galilee to proclaim the good news of the Lord telling people to repent and believe in the good news. Jesus spreads the gospel and calls His first disciples Simon and his brother Andrew when they were fishing. The gospel journey of Messiah continues in the gospel of Mark with varied healings and casting out of demons. The healings are done to anyone including one with leprosy who came begging on his knees for the will to be healed. The gospel was important in understanding the context in which Jesus lived. It is seen that in the gospel, geography of Palestine was not changed as it still contained both fertile and desert lands. The people at the time engaged mainly in farming and manual working through keeping of sheep and engaging in services such as carpentry and pottery. The area was occupied by many races that spoke different languages and had different cultures. In the gospel, Jesus was born a Jew and remained to be identified with the tribe and culture. Gospel

Role of Parents Diminishes from Generation to Generation Essay

Role of Parents Diminishes from Generation to Generation - Essay Example Children no more need their parents for guidance and supervision. All they need to do is click on Google to know whether a decision is right or wrong, to know the consequences of bad career choice, and to know if they need to correct their diet. Parents’ role has diminished. No doubt, this is a tragedy. Nothing can substitute the ultimate love and care that parents can give to their child. Internet does not pray for us. Media does not feed us. Movies do not pick us up when we fall down. But getting ahead of this emotional debate, let’s ponder upon why parents’ role has diminished, and what the aftermath is. Helena Norberg-Hodge (632) writes that today, teenagers are ashamed of their traditional ways of living, and to be precise, they are ashamed of their parents. They do not admire their parents anymore; instead, they appreciate all those chic-clothed classy actors and actresses they see on television. Their parents have become old-fashioned for them. They do not like their parents asking them to choose a way of life that involves working in the fields and getting their hands dirty for little or no money, and certainly no glamour† (Norberg-Hodge 632, para.3). ... Apparently, we are connecting to the world through online social networks, like Facebook and Orkut, but what happens in real? We are disconnecting from real life. This disconnection diminishes the role of significant others in children’s lives, especially that of the parents. This has given rise to the big generation gap, accompanied with scary communication barriers. â€Å"We tried to make our conversation seem like more than an interview†, writes Rodriguez (201), telling about his experience when he talked to his mother on Christmas vacation. Why, today, parents and children need to put in effort to bring some life to their conversation? Why does it not come up naturally, with care and concern? This is because children are emotionally distant from their parents. Parents, themselves, are too busy nowadays, and they provide their children with expensive electronic gadgets, multichannel cables, LCD televisions, and computers, which children spend most of their time with. They have ready-made food available to them at McDonalds, Pizza Hut, and KFC. They do not need their mother’s good old recipe driven healthy food anymore. They absorb knowledge from what they see on media channels. They learn everything before parents even get the chance to tell them. Mothers wait for the right menstrual age of their daughters to tell them about it, and daughters already know it. Fathers wait for their boys to get big enough to be told about safe sex, and the boys already know it. It is all around them- the information, the knowledge, the statistics, the facts and figures, the good consequences and the bad ones. Then, why would they need their parents anymore? Today’s age has made them

Discuss the causes and consequences of infertility for individuals, Essay

Discuss the causes and consequences of infertility for individuals, families and wider society - Essay Example In addition, infertility can also entail the inability to carry a pregnancy to full term leading to miscarriages (Perkins & Jackie, 2011, p.1). Infertility does not only affect the couple trying to have children but it also impacts greatly on their families and the wider society, especially in the contemporary western culture (Peters, Jackson & Rudge, 2011, p.130). Nevertheless, this topic remains a taboo issue that people do not want to talk about yet it interferes with the most fundamental human activity of building a family. Infertility is a very serious reproductive health problem that may result from a number of preventable and non-preventable conditions related to both males and females and it may have far-reaching consequences on the individuals trying to conceive, their families and the wider society. Infertility has numerous causes. Initially, people thought that only women were infertile but the truth is males-factor conditions are responsible for half of all the couples who are infertile. The non-preventable conditions that may cause infertility include various genetic, immunological, hormonal and anatomical problems that are responsible for preventing successful pregnancies (Solinger, 2013, p.100). The prevalence of non-preventable conditions is the same within and across populations and is responsible for causing infertility in five percent of all infertile couples. Most of the times infertility is due to preventable conditions and this is the reason why the variations in infertility rates are significant in any given population due to the preventable conditions being more or less prevalent in a given population. The preventable infertility causes are due to occupational or environmental factors and various infections (Kirch, 2009, p.782). There are some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) related to infertility such as gonorrhea (Fauser & Devroey, 2011). Since these symptoms

Interest Rates Affects on the Is-Lm Model Essay Example for Free

Interest Rates Affects on the Is-Lm Model Essay Assignment 4 5. According to the IS-LM model, what happens to the interest rate, income, consumption and invest under the following circumstances. a. The central bank increases money supply. An increase in the money supple shifts the LM curve downward. The equilibrium moves from point A to point B. Income rises from Y1 to Y2 and the interest rate falls from r1 to r2. Therefore this increase in money supply causes a decrease in interest rate, an increase in income, an increase in consumption and an increase in investment. LM Income, output, Y b. Government increases government purchases An increase in government purchases result in a shift in the IS curve to the right. The equilibrium moves from point A to point B. Income rises from Y1 to Y2 and interest rate rises from r1 to r2. This increase in government purchases therefore causes interest rate to rise and income also rises. Consumption will also increase but the increase in government purchases will cause investment to decrease. interest rate, r LM IS2 IS1 Income, output, Y c. The government increases taxes. An increase in taxes shifts the IS curve to the left. The equilibrium moves from point A to point B. Income falls from Y1 to Y2 and the interest rate from r ¬1 to r 2. Therefore increase in taxes will bring about a decrease in interest rate, cause income to also decrease which will decrease consumption also but will result in an increase in investment. interest rate, r LM IS1 IS2 Income, output, Y d. The government increase government purchases and taxes equally 6. Consider the following economy of Hicksonia. a. The consumption function is given by C= 200 + 0. 75 (Y T) The investment function is I= 200-25r Government purchases and taxes are both 100.

Post Operative Care After Gall Stone Removal

Post Operative Care After Gall Stone Removal Bianca Robinson Patients who are undergoing operative procedures are required the delivery of ongoing care to optimize their recovery and prevent complications. This delivery of care will enable early identification of circumstances surrounding surgery that may put patients at risk of harm. Mr Whakanna is a 36 year old Polynesian male who has just returned to the ward after having a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gall bladder using laparoscopic technology in a process also known as keyhole surgery (Graham, 2008, p. 47). The aim of this report is to identify and prioritize the problems associated with in the first four hours of Mr Whakaana’s return. It is important for nurses to have an understanding of gallstone disease and the surgical procedure, to ensure that patients are cared for with empathy but also safely and effectively. This report presents the four highest problems that may occur with Mr Whakaana on return to the ward fro m surgery. ABCD’s, Vital Signs and Pain Although different surgical procedures require specific and specialist nursing care, the principles of post-operative care remain the same. It is essential for a structured assessment of Mr Whakaana to be carried out such as that described by Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer (2007) where Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and Environment are examined. This is known as a primary assessment, and is used to identify any signs of airway obstruction, respiratory failure, circulatory failure or neurological dysfunction (Graham, 2008). In this scenario, the nurse must pay particular attention to Mr Whakaana’s airway due to the fact that he has been administered 8mg of morphine, and morphine can cause respiratory depression (Tiziani, 2010). Bradypnoea is a respiratory rate less than 12 breathes per minute in an adult at rest, and is the first sign of respiratory depression; Mr Whakaana should be monitored closely to prevent this (Tiziani, 2010). Mr Whakaana’s conscious state sh ould also be monitored especially as he is currently scored as 1 on the Glasgow Coma Scale, the nurse must pay particular attention to this to ensure that Mr Whakaana does not go into shock (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). It is also helpful to include the patency of drainage systems and vascular devices into your primary assessment of Mr Whakaana, and note if any allergies are known (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). Vital signs should be assessed as often as possible (every half hour/hour) during the first four hours of Mr Whakaana’s return to the ward to determine any signs of deterioration. Vital sign measurements include blood pressure, respirations, pulse, temperature and oxygen saturation levels. Changes in Mr Whakaana’s blood pressure can be used to monitor changes in his cardiac output; pulse assessment can determine Mr Whakaana’s heart rate and rhythm, and can estimate the volume of blood being pumped by his heart (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). Core body temperature differences can occur in illnesses and an abnormal reading can be an indication of infection; Mr Whakaana’s temperature is 36.5C at present, which is within normal range (REFERENCE). Pulse oximeters give a non-invasive estimate of the arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation, and measurement should always be above 95% (REFERENCE). The nurse should be aware that Mr Whakaana is currently on 3L per m inute of oxygen via nasal prongs, as this could give a false sense of security when recording/documenting Mr Whakaana’s oxygen saturation (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). Pain and discomfort are also important factors in Mr Whakaana’s postoperative period as good pain control is required for an optimal physical and psychological recovery. Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is common after laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of peritoneal gas insufflation and manipulation of the bowel (Graham, 2008). There are additional risk factors to consider including the use of peri-operative opioids (REFERENCE). Opioids, such as morphine, are a common cause of PONV and so their use, even during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should be kept to the required minimum. Pain should be measured using an assessment tool that identifies the quantity and quality experienced of Mr Whakaana’s pain. Patients’ self-reporting of their pain is regarded as the gold standard of pain assessment measurement as it provides the most valid measurement of pain (REFERENCE). Self-reporting can be influenced by numerous factors including mood, sleep disturbances and medications and may result in patients not reporting pain accurately (REFERENCE). For example, Mr Whakaana may not report his pain because of the effects of sedation or lethargy and reduced motivation as a consequence of the surgery. Fluid Balance / Output Patients following surgery are vulnerable to fluid and electrolyte imbalance due to many factors, including blood loss, fasting for long periods and exposure during surgery (Walker,2003). Therefore an accurate measurement of Mr Whakaana’s fluid balance is an essential factor in evaluating his condition. This should include strict readings of the output of drains as well as urine and vomit, and the measurement of fluid intake (oral, nasogastric and intravenous). Wound drainage sites and the surgical wound itself should be inspected at regular intervals for excessive blood loss, as this may indicate haemorrhage. Other factors that should be taken into account include diarrhoea, sweating and the use of diuretic therapy. Blood Sugars Diabetes is associated with an increased requirement for surgical procedures and increased postoperative morbidity and mortality (Dagogo-Jack Alberti, 2002). Hyperglycaemia impairs leukocyte function and wound healing (Tiziani, 2010). The management goal for Mr Whakaana is to optimize metabolic control through close monitoring, adequate fluid and caloric repletion, and sensible use of insulin (Dagogo-Jack Alberti, 2002). This assessment is to prevent hyperglycaemia and prevent further complications during Mr Whakaana hospital stay. Infection /Sepsis Conclusion Although postoperative care is a daily occurrence within many areas of practice, it is evident that the theory underpinning nursing actions is often forgotten in daily practice and hence actions may not be prioritised as they should be. It is hoped that this paper has enabled the reader to revisit the principles underpinning postoperative care. Such care must be viewed as a priority, and although there are local policies in place to guide nursing staff, the responsibility for understanding the reasons for actions lies with each individual practitioner. REFERENCES Dagogo-Jack,S., Alberti,K.G. (2002). Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Surgical Patients.Diabetes Spectrum. doi:10.2337/diaspect.15.1.44, Retreived from http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/15/1/44.full Elliott,D., Aitken,L.M., Chaboyer,W., Australian College of Critical Care Nurses (2007).ACCCNs critical care nursing. Sydney: Mosby Elsevier. Graham, L. (2008). Care of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Nursing Standard,23(7), 41-8; quiz 50. Retrieved from http://0-search.proquest.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/docview/219887551?accountid=12001 Tiziani, A. (2010). Havards nursing guide to drugs. Sydney, New South Wales: Mosby/Elsevier Australia. Walker,J.A. (2003).Care of the postoperative patient | Practice | Nursing Times. RetrievedMarch28, 2014, from http://www.nursingtimes.net/care-of-the-postoperative-patient/200004.article Walker,J.A. (2003).Care of the postoperative patient Part 2 | Practice | Nursing Times. RetrievedMarch28, 2014, from http://www.nursingtimes.net/care-of-the-postoperative-patient/200004.article

The Business Life Of Ancient Athens :: essays research papers

The Business Life of Ancient Athens   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Business Life of Ancient Athens is an informative book about different aspects of Ancient businesses and Ancient ways of dealing with money. This book first starts out by explaining the agricultural aspects of Ancient Athens. Agriculture was not well for Athens, so they had to trade a lot. It is recorded as early as the 6th century BC that grain was a very big part of an average Athenian's diet. Therefore; much grain trade was necessary because Greece land was very bad for agricultural purposes. Athens had grown industrially and commercially within time, and this was also a problem: overpopulation. Also, many Spartan tribes over and over attacked Greece and destroyed any crops that might grow in the soil. Peasants were also sent to work at farms but they lost care in their farms and found it better to live in the city, living off small amounts of money that came from doing state services. During this time, many people learned ways of math because they needed to know how much grain is needed per person. Although these calculations are not totally accurate, they are a start in banking and maybe even other ways of mathematics. The Peloponnesian War also occurred- leaving Greece(Attica) with nothing. Attica was forced by famine to go under Peloponnesian rule. By now, trade had come in an uproar. Many people had found it easy to trade by sea. So many merchants with not enough money would borrow money from rich people and then buy cargo space on a ship. In most cases the merchant went on the ship to get the goods to sell. Then on returning, the merchant would sell the goods, and then pay off the lender, with a 22.5 percent interest rate. In many cases, problems occurred, sometimes a merchant returned late, could not pay all of the money back, or something or other. Therefore the idea of a collateral was invented. Also, courts were established to rule these sorts of fights amongst the people. These courts weren't used in the winter because of stormy weather and so not to interrupt commercial business. Courts were required to solve a case within 30 days, this procedure only applies to cases where and actual legal documented agreement was made between the lender and the merchant. Many merchants did not return, therefore the collateral was the lender's to keep. But often the merchant didn't have anything good to start with so many lenders lost money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, the book talked about Banking and Bankers. Early banking dates back all the way to Sumer and Akkad where many specialized in weighing things The Business Life Of Ancient Athens :: essays research papers The Business Life of Ancient Athens   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Business Life of Ancient Athens is an informative book about different aspects of Ancient businesses and Ancient ways of dealing with money. This book first starts out by explaining the agricultural aspects of Ancient Athens. Agriculture was not well for Athens, so they had to trade a lot. It is recorded as early as the 6th century BC that grain was a very big part of an average Athenian's diet. Therefore; much grain trade was necessary because Greece land was very bad for agricultural purposes. Athens had grown industrially and commercially within time, and this was also a problem: overpopulation. Also, many Spartan tribes over and over attacked Greece and destroyed any crops that might grow in the soil. Peasants were also sent to work at farms but they lost care in their farms and found it better to live in the city, living off small amounts of money that came from doing state services. During this time, many people learned ways of math because they needed to know how much grain is needed per person. Although these calculations are not totally accurate, they are a start in banking and maybe even other ways of mathematics. The Peloponnesian War also occurred- leaving Greece(Attica) with nothing. Attica was forced by famine to go under Peloponnesian rule. By now, trade had come in an uproar. Many people had found it easy to trade by sea. So many merchants with not enough money would borrow money from rich people and then buy cargo space on a ship. In most cases the merchant went on the ship to get the goods to sell. Then on returning, the merchant would sell the goods, and then pay off the lender, with a 22.5 percent interest rate. In many cases, problems occurred, sometimes a merchant returned late, could not pay all of the money back, or something or other. Therefore the idea of a collateral was invented. Also, courts were established to rule these sorts of fights amongst the people. These courts weren't used in the winter because of stormy weather and so not to interrupt commercial business. Courts were required to solve a case within 30 days, this procedure only applies to cases where and actual legal documented agreement was made between the lender and the merchant. Many merchants did not return, therefore the collateral was the lender's to keep. But often the merchant didn't have anything good to start with so many lenders lost money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, the book talked about Banking and Bankers. Early banking dates back all the way to Sumer and Akkad where many specialized in weighing things

Brutus vs Antony Essay examples -- essays papers

Brutus vs Antony The most predominate and important aspect In the play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare are the speeches given to the Roman citizens by Brutus and Antony, the two main charaters, following the death of Caesar. Brutus and Antony both spoke to the crowd,using the same rhetorical devices to express their thoughts. Both speakers used the three classical appeals employed in the speeches: ethos, which is an appeal to credibility; pathos, which is an appeal to the emotion of the audience; and logos, which is an appeal to the content and arrangement of the argument itself. Even though both speeches have the same structure Antony’s speech is significantly more effective than Brutus’s. Both speakers used an ethical appeal to the crowd and established their credibility first. Brutus starts off by saying he was Caesar’s friend, and he loved him, but because Ceasar was â€Å"ambitious† he had to â€Å"slew† him. Brutus knew that everyone in town thought he was an honorable man and he used that to establish his credibility, unlike Antony, who was thought to be a play boy, not serious about anything. He had to work harder to gain the crowd’s attention. The first sentence out of his mouth was that he was here to â€Å"bury Caesar, not to praise him† which is a great way to start since most of the people didn’t like Caesar at the time and didn’t want to listen to some silly friend of Caesar’s say wonderful things about him. Antony also mentioned many times that their hero Brutus is an â€Å"honorableâ€Å" man. This also helped get the crowd to listen to him, because they had just heard Brutus and were all fire d up about the wonderful things he had said. So both the characters start off their speeches the same, gaining credibilit... ...d how fickle the crowd was, he made sure that they were really listening to him and really going to be his followers. Two times Antony called the people back from running away in anger and said another thing to deepen the seed he had planted in them. Although both gentlemen used the same three persuasive appeals in their speeches, one was obviously more effective. Antony did a more sufficient job of getting his point across. He understood what he would have to od to win the crowd. He used the three appeals, ethos, pathos, and logos, to his advantage and evn though Brutus also used the same three appeals, his speech did not impact the Roman countrymen nearly as much as Antony. Both speeches had the same structure and used the same rhetorcial devices but Antony’s speech was much more influencial and because of that, he help build the great history that is Rome. Brutus vs Antony Essay examples -- essays papers Brutus vs Antony The most predominate and important aspect In the play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare are the speeches given to the Roman citizens by Brutus and Antony, the two main charaters, following the death of Caesar. Brutus and Antony both spoke to the crowd,using the same rhetorical devices to express their thoughts. Both speakers used the three classical appeals employed in the speeches: ethos, which is an appeal to credibility; pathos, which is an appeal to the emotion of the audience; and logos, which is an appeal to the content and arrangement of the argument itself. Even though both speeches have the same structure Antony’s speech is significantly more effective than Brutus’s. Both speakers used an ethical appeal to the crowd and established their credibility first. Brutus starts off by saying he was Caesar’s friend, and he loved him, but because Ceasar was â€Å"ambitious† he had to â€Å"slew† him. Brutus knew that everyone in town thought he was an honorable man and he used that to establish his credibility, unlike Antony, who was thought to be a play boy, not serious about anything. He had to work harder to gain the crowd’s attention. The first sentence out of his mouth was that he was here to â€Å"bury Caesar, not to praise him† which is a great way to start since most of the people didn’t like Caesar at the time and didn’t want to listen to some silly friend of Caesar’s say wonderful things about him. Antony also mentioned many times that their hero Brutus is an â€Å"honorableâ€Å" man. This also helped get the crowd to listen to him, because they had just heard Brutus and were all fire d up about the wonderful things he had said. So both the characters start off their speeches the same, gaining credibilit... ...d how fickle the crowd was, he made sure that they were really listening to him and really going to be his followers. Two times Antony called the people back from running away in anger and said another thing to deepen the seed he had planted in them. Although both gentlemen used the same three persuasive appeals in their speeches, one was obviously more effective. Antony did a more sufficient job of getting his point across. He understood what he would have to od to win the crowd. He used the three appeals, ethos, pathos, and logos, to his advantage and evn though Brutus also used the same three appeals, his speech did not impact the Roman countrymen nearly as much as Antony. Both speeches had the same structure and used the same rhetorcial devices but Antony’s speech was much more influencial and because of that, he help build the great history that is Rome.

Importance of open book assessments Essay

An â€Å"open book examination† is one in which examinees are allowed to consult their class notes, textbooks, and other approved material while answering questions. It is ideally suited to teaching programmes that especially aim at developing the skills of critical and creative thinking In order to appreciate the merits of open book examinations, it is first of all necessary to understand the nature of teaching programmes in general. Most conventional examinations test how much information the students have been able to store in their minds. In order to cope with this demand, students memorize the information in class notes and textbooks, and transfer it to answer books during the examination. In this type of examination, success depends on the quantity of information memorized, and the efficiency with which it is reproduced. Does this leads to creative thinking? Noooo†¦ This is where open book examinations come in. Open book examinations Provides a chance for students to acquire the knowledge during the preparation process of gathering suitable learning materials rather than simply recalling or rewriting it. It Enhances information retrieval skills of students through finding the efficient ways to get the necessary information and data from books and various resources Also it enhances the comprehension and synthesizing skills of students because they need to reduce the content of books and other study materials into simple and handy notes for examination A more important reason for using open book examinations is that they have a tremendous impact on promoting the right mental sets in both learning and teaching. The most immediate result on students will be that they will stop â€Å"mugging† or rote learning. Most students used to conventional examinations think of â€Å"studying† as the mechanical memorization of information in textbooks and class notes in order to reproduce it in examinations. Open book examinations will effect a fundamental change in this attitude. If textbooks can be consulted in the examination rooms, why bother to memorize them? Does this mean that students don’t need to â€Å"study† for examinations? No. It implies that studying should not be equated with memorizing; instead, it should be of understanding concepts, and using these concepts (along with available information) to practice the skills of modifying and building knowledge, thinking critically, and solving problems. In acquiring the right strategies of studying, nothing is as effective as the shocking realization that mugging is of no use in the examinations. Given open book examinations, there will be no more mugging. Once the burden of mugging is taken away, education can be a pleasurable activity, not a painful drudgery. What is learnt with pleasure is learnt more effectively, and retained better.

How Can Public Diplomacy Complement “Hard Power” Tactics in International Affairs?

Hard power is a term used to describe power that is acquired from the use of military and/or economic force to influence the behaviour or interests of other political entities. As the name might imply, this type of political power is often aggressive, and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. What it boils down to is: Do what we want. If you don't, we will inflict undesirable damage on your person, citizenry, economy, security forces, crops, well water, et cetera. Hard power is mostly placed in the International Relations field of Realism, where military power is seen as the expression of a state’s strength in the international community. While the existence of hard power has a long history, the term arose when Joseph Nye coined ‘soft power' as a fresh and different form of power in a State's foreign policy. Nye defined soft power as â€Å"the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than through coercion. † He also said that soft power â€Å"could be developed through relations with allies, economic assistance, and cultural exchanges. He argued that this would result in â€Å"a more favourable public opinion and credibility abroad. † By engaging both forms of power, hard and soft, one is then employing ‘smart power’. Another term defined by Joseph Nye, it was endorsed by Hilary Clinton: â€Å"We must use what has been called smart power — the full range of tools at our disposal â €” diplomatic, economic, military, political, legal, and cultural — picking the right tool, or combination of tools, for each situation. With smart power, diplomacy will be the vanguard of foreign policy. Ideas matter, and a country’s ability to promote ideals to citizens of other nations and societies, known as public diplomacy (PD), can work wonders to advance the national interest. By taking a look at case studies, we will examine whether PD can complement hard power tactics and thus we will see if ‘smart power’ is really viable in practice. The U. S strategy of hard power and public diplomacy in the Cold War During the Cold War, the world was divided in two, as the two super-powers attempted to gain support from neutral parties while offsetting the actions of their opponent. The United States and Russia were more or less equally matched in military and political strength and this resulted in a stalemate. With hard power abilities alone proving ineffective at turning the tide in any direction it meant that another means of demonstrating global dominance would be required. The basic strategy of the US during the Cold War was containment using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stop the spread of Communism, boost America’s security and influence abroad, and avert a â€Å"domino effect†. The concept of containment was proposed by diplomat George Kennan in the notorious Long Telegram . Kennan argued that the only way to defeat the spread of Communism was to suffocate it. Containment had two major policies associated with it, the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan and was a reaction to a string of moves by the Soviet Union to expand Communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, and Korea. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback. The Truman Doctrine was a robust plan that that pledged military support to the nations struggling against communist pressures. It was announced By President Truman in his 1947 address to congress after the United Kingdom informed the United States that it no longer had the capabilities to aid Greece and Turkey in their struggle against Soviet tensions. In the address he declared that the United States would â€Å"support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. † The Truman Doctrine displayed the U. S objective to respond to any further expansion with military force—the hard power element of containment. The Truman Doctrine was the justification for considerable injections of American money into European economic recovery to counteract the development of social and political unrest. This ambitious aid plan was called the Marshall Plan after the secretary of state at the time. General Marshall proposed the plan with two intentions: to assist in the rebuilding of Europe and to win the â€Å"hearts and minds† of the citizens most vulnerable to the reach of communism. The act of benevolence was accepted by the United States’ European allies after a phase of negotiations, but was discarded by the Soviets and other members of the Eastern Bloc. The Marshall Plan represented a significant early application of U. S. soft power and the vital non-military aspect of US policies of containment. Containment is an excellent example of a successful balance of hard and soft power. The policies they implemented in this process served to strengthen relations with â€Å"at-risk† countries in Europe while at the same time sending a strong message to the Soviet Union th at the United States would react strongly to any further Soviet expansion. In fact, containment was so successful, that many experts consider it the leading cause of the Soviet collapse. Another prime example of this PD was the cultural exchanges which saw tens of thousands of Soviet students go to America to study. These exchanges enabled many Soviet citizens, especially in the upper and middle reaches of society, to see the United States with their own eyes. The students would then go back to the USSR and some even occupied roles of influence and played important roles in the peaceful demise of the Soviet Union As I mentioned earlier, Public Diplomacy serves to make one’s country and ideals more attractive to citizens of other countries. One way that the U. S achieved this during the Cold War was by setting up organizations such as Radio Free Europe/Radio Lib ¬erty (RFE/RL), the Voice of America (VOA), and the United States Information Agency (USIA) which communi ¬cated the ideals of democracy, individual rights, and the free market. U. S. officials distin ¬guished America's truthful approach from the lies and deceptions of classic Nazi and Soviet propa ¬ganda and therefore the term â€Å"public diplomacy† came into general use by the 1970s to reflect this critical dif ¬ference. In fact it was noted by Edward R. Murrow, then director of the USIA, that â€Å"truth is the best propaganda and lies are the worst. † Nye remarks that Pop culture also featured largely in the U. S arsenal as it transmits widely â€Å"American values that are open, mobile, individualistic, anti-establishment, pluralistic, populist, and free. † â€Å"Long before the Berlin Wall fell in 1989; it had been pierced by television and movies. The hammers and bulldozers would not have worked without the years-long transmission of images of the popular culture of the West before it fell. In the end, the promotion of these values contributed mightily to the nearly bloodless dissolution of the Soviet Empire. China’s public diplomacy in Africa In recent years, China has looked to complement its long-established employment of hard power with soft power, and as a consequence, the Chinese government has devoted a lot of consideration to public diplomacy. In the past, Chinese g overnments have demonstrated a limited understanding of public diplomacy, viewing it either as external propaganda or a form of internal public affairs, but this has not prevented China from becoming a killed public diplomacy player. Public diplomacy and hard power are not only used in situations of war or tension between countries. One can look at Chinese relationship with Africa for a prime example of public diplomacy employed to strengthen economic relations. Africa has resources that China needs and so China views other countries, mainly this in the West, as a direct competitor for African resources. That is why they needed to establish such strong relationship with Africa. A strategy to block out competitors would require a deep partnership of trust (gained with PD), or coercion (Hard Power). The Chinese opted for the trust route as they believed it would be more cost-effective in the long run to establish a trust and understanding. Relationships begin with dialogues. The goal is to build trust. Trust cannot be manufactured, it has to be earned. China-African relations have steadily deepened and strengthened since the founding of â€Å"new China† in 1949. Developing from the ideologically-driven interactions during the Cold War, today’s China-Africa relations combine pragmatic economic and political means to achieve China’s objective of establishing a world order that is peaceful and favourable to continued economic growth and stability at home. In the 1960s and 1970s, China supported liberation movements in several African countries, gave aid to socialist nations to build stadiums, hospitals, railroads and other infrastructure, and cemented relations through a steady stream of expert engineers, teachers, and doctors. Today, Chinese officials travel to Africa accompanied by bankers and businesspeople, promoting political and economic commerce that develops China-Africa ties in a sustainable fashion. While trade and diplomacy are driven by China’s newfound economic strength and subsequent demand for raw materials, China continues to support longstanding programs that deliver aid to impoverished African citizens, such as sending teams of doctors and providing medicines. There are a number of reasons why China makes for such an appealing partner to many African countries. China’s attitude towards bilateral relations and economic development offers a different alternative to the political and economic reforms pushed forward by the â€Å"West†. China has adopted a firm stance of respect for other nations’ sovereignty and persistently refuses to condemn or involve itself in the internal affairs of African nations. This attitude has earned it the respect of those leaders and elite individuals and groups that profited from poor governance and crooked political systems and so they are not so keen on applying tedious and costly economic reforms insisted on by the West. In order to demonstrate to Africa how sincere and beneficial their friendship with China is, Beijing drafted a policy on Africa. China reportedly gets over a quarter of its oil from Africa , so it is not surprising it's interested in building up and maintaining relations on the continent. At the start of the millennium, Beijing established the China-Africa Cooperation Forum (CACF) to encourage trade and investment with 44 African countries. In 2003, Prime Minister Wen visited several oil-producing African states accompanied by Chinese oil executives, and President Hu toured Algeria, Egypt, and Gabon. China has been collaborating with governments in the Gulf of Guinea, from Angola to Nigeria, as well as with the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Libya, Niger, and Sudan. In mid-January 2006, China issued an African foreign policy paper. China has laid out the strategy for all to see and it is divided into six parts: 1. Africa's Position and Role 2. China's Relations with Africa 3. China's African Policy 4. Enhancing All-round Cooperation between China and Africa 5. Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and Its Follow-up Actions 6. China's Relations with African Regional Organizations The document is made as accessible as possible on the internet. It is written in simple English which means that it is easy to read even for those who do not have an exceptionally strong command of the language. This document is a perfect demonstration of public diplomacy. The Chinese are doing a superb job in the region. China's relationship with the public goes further than building prestige buildings for the public and the public themselves get to choose whether they want a sports stadium or a government building. In addition, television in the area is becoming more and more English language transitions from China. By backing up its economic interests with so much soft power, China has been put on a moral high-ground when compared to other global players. EU integration and public diplomacy One of the most successful initiatives to embody the principles of effective public diplomacy was the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in the 1950’s which has now evolved into the European Union. European integration is the process of mainly political, legal, social and economic integration of European states, which these days is primarily achieved through the European Union and the Council of Europe. Attempts at European integration emerged originally after the devastation of the Second World War and the desire of European countries to integrate so much so as to eliminate the possibility of another European war. The main intention behind integrating economically and politically is that the smaller European countries have more influence in international matters such as trade and world politics. A ‘kind of United States of Europe’ was called for by Winston Churchill and in 1950 the German and French politicians, Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet, proposed a common market for coal and steel for those countries willing to delegate control of these sectors of their economies to an independent authority. In 1951 the Treaty of Paris was signed by the leaders of six European countries; Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and West Germany. This treaty founded the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) creating a common market in which the industries that were crucial for war were controlled thus preventing the unilateral rearmament of any of its member states, particularly Germany. The ECSC enjoyed economic and political success which spurred the six member states to sign the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and establish the European Economic Community (EEC), which was transformed into the European Community from 1967 in the Merger Treaty. In 1993 the Maastricht Treaty transformed the ECSC into the European Union and European integration became less and less about the ‘negative’ removal of barriers, and more and more about ‘positive’, active harmonization. The EU has steadily been evolving as a diplomatic power in its own right. To demonstrate this, we need to look at the broad sweep of the development of an EU diplomatic corps over time; where it came from, how few of them there originally were, how little they did, and how these details compare with trends today. The European Union practices public diplomacy through a multilayered framework of policies and programs, relying both on its Representations in member-states, as well as its Delegations abroad – it now has diplomatic delegations in over 150 countries, employing over 5,000 members of staff. With its internal communication strategy the Union aims to engage EU-citizens more closely in its political life and to create a sense of common identity. Its communication strategy for enlargement, on the other hand, is designed to explain the goals and responsibilities of the European project to countries that aspire to become member states as well as to promote the benefits of enlargement to Euro-sceptics inside the EU. The European Neighbourhood Policy provides another layer of regional integration and governance and is directed towards the EU's immediate neighbours by land and sea, primarily developing countries, who seek one day to become either member states of the European Union itself, or more closely integrated with the economy of the European Union. Finally, through its network of Delegations abroad, the EU aims to assert itself on the international stage and regulates its relations with â€Å"third† countries. Although basically aimed at developing a public diplomacy capability, most of the outreach activities of the EU are not officially referred to as â€Å"public diplomacy†, but are described as information and communication campaigns, or education and cultural exchange programs. These efforts are intended not only to inform and explain the workings of EU institutions but also to socialize into the norms and values of the Union. The European Commission is the institution responsible for conducting the Union's diplomacy and public diplomacy efforts. While other EU bodies have also initiated public diplomacy programs, the Commission is the one providing the executive action. Since the creation of the ECSC in 1950 member states have achieved great success in integrating socially, economically and politically between themselves however there are still many difficulties to be overcome and the process of integration will never be complete. Much progress has been made to create an integrated EU diplomatic service and this will continue to be utilized alongside hard power economic and political policies to develop the EU as strong and coherent body of states. Conclusion As we have seen in these case studies, when hard power is coupled with soft power, especially public diplomacy, it creates a most effective product – more effective than the sum of its parts. The European Union for example has been seen as a civilian power. It has no army even though this is one of the areas where unity would bring an obvious increase in efficiency and influence. It relies on law, on negotiation, on multilateral organisation. Its relationships are often in the form of â€Å"contractual agreements†, itself a revealing phrase. It seems a model of soft power, as America is of hard power. Even China, a country based on hard power, has realised the effectiveness of adding a strong public diplomacy to its repertoire. Realists have a preference for hard power. Otto von Bismarck is famous for the remark that â€Å"this policy cannot succeed through speeches †¦and songs; it can be carried out only through blood and iron†. In a twist of irony however Bismarck’s blood and iron was not the solution to the German question. By 1945 Germany had had enough of both: they had undermined Bismarck’s achievement of unification and had led to the ruin of Germany. In today’s world it is more important than ever to be able to effectively combine hard and soft power to form smart power. Even one of the greatest military men of all time, realised the importance complementing hard power with soft when he famously stated that: â€Å"There are but two powers in the world, the sword and the mind. In the long run the sword is always beaten by the mind. † – Napoleon Bonaparte Bibliography Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769-1821), ‘Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes’, http://www. military-quotes. com/Napoleon. htm Carnes Lord – Helle C. Dale, Public Diplomacy and the Cold War: Lessons Learned, in the Heritage Foundation (online) 18 September 2007 http://www. heritage. rg/Research/nationalSecurity/bg2070. cfm [accessed 28 January 2010] Drew Thompson, China’s Soft Power in Africa: from the â€Å"Beijing consensus† to health diplomacy, China Brief: Volume 5, Issue 21 (October 13, 2005) Joseph S. Nye Jr, Soft Power: A Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs, New York. 2004. Joseph S. Nye Jr, Soft Power, Hard Power and Leadership. Seminar , 27 October 06. http://www. hks. harvard. edu/netgov/files/talks/docs/11_06_06_seminar_Nye_HP_SP_Leadership. pdf Lee Rotherham, EU Diplomats, (online) in TaxpayersAlliance. com http://www. taxpayersalliance. om/EUDiplomats. pdf Matt Armstrong, Practicing Effective Public Diplomacy in Africa (or elsewhere). Blog – MountainRunner. US (online). February 8 2006 http://mountainrunner. us/2006/02/practicing_effe. html [accessed 28 January 2010] Robert Cooper, Hard power, Soft power and the Goals of Diplomacy, in David Held/Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, American Power in the 21st Century, 2004, pp. 167-180 Rory D Huff Jr, U. S. Applications of Hard and Soft Power (online) http://www. personal. psu. edu/cpl2/blogs/powerforce/Huff%20on%20Hard%20and%20Soft%20Power. pdf [accessed 28 January 2010]

Social Communication in Nation Building

The basis of nationality is the sense of belonging to the same nation and the desire on the part of its members to live with each other at this level of community. When the political scientist wants to de fine or locate this subjective sense of community, he has used such objective criteria as common language, common history, common territory, and so forth. It is clear that ail these criteria are an expression of something more basic—shared experience.This shared experience, which may lead to the necessary mutual trust among members of a given society and to the feeling that this group as a group is different from others, contributes continuously to national unity. National unity likewise makes shared experience more possible. To determine the human and geographie frontiers of a nation the political scientist must find ways to examine this shared experience.The problems in the Tiers Monde are greater with regard to such research than they are in Europe because much of the nece ssary data are not available. Research at very basic levels with some new methods is necessary. Karl W. Deutsch, professor of political science at Yale University, has proposed a quantitative interdisciplinary way to examine shared experience and, indirectly, the sense of community. 1 He suggests that one measure the quantities of communications among a given people to find out how much contact they have.For this one must use criteria such as flows of letters, telegrams, movement of vehicles, trains, planes, telephone calls, mass media of communication, location of markets, settlement patterns, and population movements, he says. If it is possible to examine these different forms of communication, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†.People who have intensive co mmunications with each other are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared experiences and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the â€Å"communication habits† of a population become ncreasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: â€Å"If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] group's peculiar responses is likewise small, th en the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance.This is the process of assimilation. â€Å"2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable.According to him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural â€Å"balances†: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable nu mbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these â€Å"balances† are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†.People who have intensive communications with each other are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared experiences and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others.In other words, when the â€Å"communication habits† of a population become increasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: â€Å"If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] group's peculiar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. â€Å"2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable.According to him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural â€Å"balances†: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. 4 The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these â€Å"balances† are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, villages or in the same village. These quantifiable data served as a basis for a study of mobilization.In order to validate conclusions based on the quantitative census data I took a tour of the country during which I visited every region and lived in a few selected villages for periods of three days to a week. In the course of this tour I found that one way to investigate attitudes and assimilation was by oral histories and conceptions of kinship. My use of these histories was different from that of Professor Hubert Deschamps who had made an extensive tour of the country in 1961 to collect and record oral histories as part of a large project to write the history of Gabon. 1 As an historian he was naturally interest-ed in recording the facts of the past. For me, as a political scientist, the â€Å"truth† was irrelevant.I was interested in history as ideology: how were present relationships between tribes justified in the history, what was the place held b y neighboring tribes in a given history, how were history and conceptions of kinship infmenced by present settlement patterns. I thought that these two criteria, settlement patterns and histories, could serve as a basis for estimations of trends in assimilation and mobilization and could show the relationship between non-quantifiable attitudes and quantifiable social communications. The following are some of my findings. Mobilization Gabon may be crudely divided into three generai zones of mobilization: places where people are relatively non-mobilized, where they are partially mobilized, and where they are mobilized for intensive contact with people of different ethnie groups.I have called these zones Heartland, Contact, and National. The Heartland Zone is a group of contiguous cantons in which one ethnie group or tribe clearly predominates with at least 80% of the total population. Internai communication is fairly good and may be better than means which link the area with other par ts of the country. Contact Zones are on the edges of Heartland Zones; from about 50% to 80% of the people belong to one tribe. Such zones are cantons in which people of different tribes live in adjoining villages or in the same village; or they are centers of attraction such as administrative posts and markets to which people from different Heartlands travel regularly.They are most likely along roads and rivers which provide a link between Heartland Zones. There may be more mechanical means of communication in a Contact Zone than in a Heartland. National Zones are groups of contiguous cantons and large centers of attraction in which no tribe accounts for 50% of the total population. The internai means of communication are best here: they are public, mechanical, and regular. It is usually the one place where most decisions affecting the whole country are made. A. A Heartland. The largest Heartland in Gabon is that of the Fang who account for one-third of the total population of the c ountry. 1 The center of this Heartland orresponds with the administrative region of Woleu-Ntem in the northern half of the country along the Camerounese frontier. The region is relatively isolated from the rest of Gabon but has regular contact with Cameroun and Spanish Guinea by land and water. The only road to Libreville has been in poor condition even during the dry season; the rains often close the road completely. While there is regular air and telegraphie communication between Libreville and administrative centers of Woleu-Ntem, there is no regular land transportation. By contrast, fair roads extend into Cameroun and Spanish Guinea where close relatives of the Fang, the Bulu, live.Merchandise is imported along these routes while coffee and cocoa exports leave Woleu-Ntem through the Cameroun. 2 Some Fang take advantage of the road to the Cameroun to attend Camerounese technical schools and go to Camerounese hospitals (particularly a missionary-run hospital not far from the front ier). Radio Cameroun is a popular source of information and entertainment. For 14 of the 16 cantons of Woleu Ntem there is a regular service of autocars which link the administrative centers of the region. For example, two little Renault cars leave Oyem, the administrative capital, every day for each canton except that of Medouneu to the far west and Lalara to the south.There are frequent cars from Oyem or Bitam to Spanish Guinea and Cameroun. Another means of internai communication has been a regional newspaper published by some Fang teachers. In 1962 it contained mainly Fang stories and essays on â€Å"the true Fang custom†. In spite 1. For studies of the Fang see Georges Balandier, Sociologie actuelle de l'Afrique Noire, Paris, 1963. P. Alexandre and J. Binet, Le Groupe dit Pahouin, Paris, 1958. James Fernandez, Redistributive Acculturation in Fang Culture, unpublished, Northwestern, 1963. 2. Neither Libreville nor Port-Gentil, which are both on the ocean, have a port whic h can adequately accomodate large ships. f the great preponderance of Fang in the region, it was printed in French and was issued in only 75 copies. About 55,000 out of a total adult population of 56,500, or 98% are Fang in this region. 1 In the canton of Woleu, for example, there are 5,531 Africans of whom 5,473 are Fang. Non-Fang live in well-defined quarters in the town of Oyem; most of these people are Bulu merchants from southern Cameroun or Bakota who have moved from a neighboring region to work as servants or to attend a Roman Catholic secondary school. While these â€Å"foreigners† move into the Woleu-Ntem, the present Fang residents are fairly stationary. The census indicates that 80% of the men between the ages of 15 and 59 were born in the place the census taker found them.However, only 12% of the women were born in the place they were counted. 2 This does not mean that many Fang have not moved outside the Woleu-Ntem for many have; it means that Fang maies, who sti ll live in the region, have an interest in continuing to live in the village where they were born and that they find wives outside their village. Several women in each of the villages along the Guinea and Cameroun frontiers indicated that they were born in these neighboring states. Contiguous with the Woleu-Ntem are eight cantons which are an extension of the Heartland. The Fang have moved into these particul-ar cantons partly because the ways of communication exist.For example, the administrative region of Ogooue-Ivindo has three cantons adjacent to the Fang Heartland. In two of these cantons the Fang represent 80% or more of the total population and in the third they represent only 2% of the total population. The difference is that the two cantons with high Fang percentages are linked to the Woleu-Ntem by a river and a road while the other has no such link. In the sixteen cantons of Woleu-Ntem plus the eight cantons in adjacent regions which constitute the Heartland there are 70,0 00 Fang out of a total Fang population in Gabon of 106,000. On the basis of settlement patterns 66% of the Fang are, therefore, non-mobilized. Their contacts are almost exclusively with other Fang.Table I indicates that over half the Gabonese have no contact with people of tribes different from their own. Not ail the tribes of Gabon have Heartlands; of those who do have Heartlands 62% live in them. The total population of the country (14 and older) was approximately 285 000. 3 If the total population 1. Unless otherwise noted ail census figures refer to people 14 and older. 2. Recensement et enquete demographiques ic6o-ic6i: Resultats provisoires ensemble du Gabon, Service de Cooperation de l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes economiques, Paris, 1963, p. 24. 3. Ail the calculations, unless otherwise noted, are my own; they are based

The Uses And Gratification Theory Education Essay

In the past, people around the universe used a assortment of different ways to pass on and maintain in touch with each other. However, the turning of cyberspace engineering has redefined the ways of human communicating and interaction. Modern communicating engineerings such as nomadic phone, instant messaging, electronic mail, societal web established the communicating web around the universe. Social Networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Blogspot has been the subject of treatment among the society ( Pasek, 2009 ) . In this context, Facebook can be briefly defined as a societal networking site that provide the users an on-line platform to make profiles, generate and portion information and content, and holding interaction with other contacts ( Boyd and Ellison, 2007 ) . Since the establishing of Facebook on 2004, it has attracted 1000000s of users and many of whom have integrated it into their day-to-day patterns ( Kazeniac, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Facebook Statistics ( 2012 ) , there are over 955 million active users on Facebook that spend an norm more than 6 hours on the site comparison as there are merely 300 million active users in 2009. The rapid alteration of the Facebook has shown the increasing in development and popularity in the past few old ages. For case, Facebook has become a new phenomenon and tendency that taking extensively popularity from all coevalss of people ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Rouis ( 2012 ) , the societal site like Facebook has become an dependence for many and it has brought important impact to their relationships, occupations, and normal day-to-day life. It allows the users to continuously maintain in touch with their household and friends with no geographically constrained every bit long as there is internet handiness. Facebook has finally brought greater societal integrating among people from assorted civilizations and backgrounds. Users can update and uninterrupted exchange the information as they interact with people from all over the universe. As ab initio, Facebook is created by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 for Havard ‘s college pupils to pass on, portion instruction information and socialisation within the university ( Calvi, 2010 ) . The popularity of Facebook is turning quickly in this recent twelvemonth specific in the younger coevals. Finally, Facebook itself has experienced huge enlargement among college young person pupils, with 95 % of 18 and 19 old ages old have Facebook profiles ( Smith & A ; Caruso, 2010 ) .1.2 Research ProblemToday, Facebook has received overwhelmed figure from all ages of people that participate in this societal platform. Student ‘s presence on Facebook has become a societal argument in the society ( Ellision et al. , 2007 ) . As a consequence in today, college pupils have been rated as the most active users in Facebook. The two most common treatment of Facebook uses among college pupils are socialisation and instruction intents. First, Facebook is able to offer a platform for college pupils ‘ to socialising, communicate and keep relationships with friends ( Science Daily, 2011 ) . In another facet, Facebook has been described as effectual tools when came to academic treatment. College pupils frequently used Facebook to discourse their assignments or prep. It involves sharing of their thoughts among the group treatment. Harmonizing to Ophus and Abbitt ( 2009 ) discuss that Facebook was most often used by the pupil when comes to communicating with friends. Therefore, Facebook can see as an effectual academic acquisition tools if they utilize the use of Facebook between socialising and academic intent. However, other exploratory surveies have shown that the presence of Facebook has brings impact on an single public presentations and productiveness on undertaking ( Karpsinki and Duberstein, 2009 ) . It is believes that long hours spent on Facebook is able to harmful to pupils ‘ academic public presentations. Harmonizing to Schulten ( 2009 ) , pupils exhausted norm of 30-40 proceedingss per twenty-four hours in surfing Facebook and do several update and visits a twenty-four hours. Some of the survey besides found out that pupils spend up 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook which affected their proper day-to-day modus operandi ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In peculiar, a reappraisal shows that college pupils are the chief Facebook users who spend long hours which has caused their parents and instruction establishments worried on their academic public presentations ( Rouis, 2012 ) . However, on the pupils perspective themselves argue that Facebook as a leisure activity will non impact on their academic attempt ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In order to understand the impact of Facebook use towards the pupil ‘s academic public presentations, this survey aims to analyze on the position of the beginning itself which are pupils. Different people may hold different perceptual experiences on the Facebook use and their result. The general feeling asserts that Facebook use is able conveying negative impact on pupils peculiar in their academic public presentations. Therefore, by carry oning the survey on the perceptual experience of pupils are able to find the relationship between Facebook use and academic public presentation.AimsThe chief aim of this survey is purposes to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. In add-on, 3 sub-objectives have constructed in order to accomplish the chief aims for this survey. First is to analyze the consciousness of Malayan college pupils on their Facebook use. Second is to analyze whether Malayan college pupils perceived Facebook use will impact their scrutiny consequences. Last is to analyze what are the sensed effects of Facebook use towards their overall academic public presentations.1.4 Research QuestionsThe aims of the survey are aims to reply the undermentioned inquiry: What is the perceptual experience of Malayan College pupil towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation?1.5 Significance of surveyThis survey attempts to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan college pupils towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. Although many surveies have been done by the old bookmans and research workers, cultural features are changing across the states. Malaysia is a multicultural and racial state which the result might different comparison to the other cultural context. Social Networking sites are considered as a multiple dimensions that can be studied through assorted positions. However, there has finally merely small research has been done sing perceptual experience of Facebook use in Malayan college pupils. Therefore, this research survey is purposes to research the perceptual experience of these pupils are the get downing point on bring outing the relationship between Facebook use and academic public presentation specific in Malaysia context. It besides allows the future treatment on possible causes and effects of the academic public presentations particular related to the societal networking. The survey is able to supply the part and mentions for geographic expedition and in-depth surveies in the hereafter when it comes to Facebook use in academic public presentations.1.6 DefinitionsIn the undermentioned subdivision, definition of particular term has been developed in this survey. It was noted that the survey chiefly focused on the pupils on the college degree. Therefore in this survey, the Malayan College Student has been the defined as the pupils soon enrolled in any in any public or private college establishments in Malaysia. For the intents of this survey, Facebook use has been defined as to what extent of the engagement clip and attempt pupils invest in the Facebook. Thus, the thought covered includes the consciousness of the college pupils on the day-to-day clip spent, channel or medium, locales and intents in utilizing Facebook. Percept in here refers as the position and the sentiment of the respondents on the issues. The position can be based on positive, negative or impersonal result. The measuring for the perceptual experience will be based on 5 Likert Scale evaluation system. Since one of the aims of this survey is to analyze the perceptual experience of the college pupils towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation, the academic public presentation is measured by the scrutinies or any appraisal from the college. The measuring will be based on the non merely the GPA but besides the college assignment, engagement and the attending of the pupils in category. However, the perceptual experience towards impact of Facebook use may mention to the possible result that can be either positive or negative ( Ahmed & A ; Qazi, 2011 ) .1.7 DrumheadThis chapter outlined the background of the survey country, research job, nonsubjective, significance survey and operational definition as an introductory chapter to this survey. Traveling on to following chapter Literature reappraisal will get down by presenting the general position of societal networking sites and Facebook to supply a theoretical foundation to the undermentioned treatment. In add-on in the ch apter, uses and satisfactions theory has been discussed in order to supply the apprehension on the chief aims in this survey.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 2 Literature ReviewSocial Networking SitesSocial networking site ( SNS ) is a type of web based applications that provide users to build a profile for single or public utilizations and to make a web that portion connexion with other users. In other words, it is a platform that allows the user to hold personal interaction and set up interconnectedness with other users. The user is able to add the other contacts and position other user ‘s contacts and information in return ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008, p. 211 ) . In fact, societal networking sites began in 1997 along with the launching of Sixdegrees.com. The intent is to let the users to make profiles and connect with each other through the Friends list ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008, p. 214 ) . Social Networking sites have under rapid growing in the past few old ages ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Social networking sites has became a phenomenon as it has attracted 1000000s user in recent old ages ( Rouis, 2012 ) . Therefore, Karspinski & A ; Dubeistin ( 2007 ) found that the figure type of societal networking sites are increasing such as electronic mail, web logs, societal media like Youtube and Flickr and besides video conferencing like Skype. These tools have become the platform for societal interaction where people can portion and state narratives or information and interact among each other ( Eyrich, 2008 ) . Social networking sites allows the user discuss any subject of issues at any point of clip and location. Basically, the users are free to print show their sentiment without any limitations. The information that has been published will be spread around the universe in a affair of proceedingss. More and more people have chosen to socialise in the online societal web comparison to the others societal activities ( Pasek, 2009 ) . Therefore, societal web as other signifier of mass media has finally redefined overall human communications procedure. It has changes the functions one manner communications traditional media such as telecasting, wireless and films ( Urista & A ; Dong, 2008 ) . Users are able to expose to these media as it has been provided as portion of societal networking sites services. Therefore, societal networking sites are so accessible and effectual which many immature people today use this platform to pass on and show themselves. Therefore, the figure of users have significantly increase specific in the younger coevalss.FacebookSocial networking has finally become a new phenomenon in this modern society. This survey focuses merely one particular of societal networking site that is Facebook. In fact, Facebook by far is one of the web site that contributed SNSs into the new phenomenon in the society ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Facebook as one of the most popular SNS, grow three times more on the twelvemonth 2008 comparison to the past three old ages which from 90 to 120 million users. Facebook is besides among the most popular societal networking sites due to its alone characteristics that allow the users to custom-make their interface profile and content. It provides the broad diverseness of tools for the users to pass on among each others. The users able to interact and interchange content, illustration they portion picture and image, discuss topics, chat, publish advertizement for group events, or play available applications ( Safko & A ; Brake, 2009 ; Westlake, 2008 ) . Finally, the popularity of the Facebook has developed its really ain subculture ( Westlake, 2008 ) . Facebook has gain popularity among the coevals Y which are the people born after 1980 ( Rois, 2012 ) . These coevalss grew up in the modern engineering universe and normally trust it to execute their undertaking. In fact, most of this coevals possessed their ain Facebook history comparison to the other coevals ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . This coevals prefer on to pass on through online based engineering like Facebook instead through face to confront communicating. In fact, the impact of Facebook has non merely changed the manner the users interact with each other but besides the besides the overall media ingestion behavior ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Haythronwaite ( 2005 ) explains that the Facebook non merely able allow person to makes new friend but besides to enable the users to determine and develop their ain individuality. To summarize, Facebook is a taking societal networking sites that provides a broad diverseness of characteristics for to users and make their ain content and communicate to their friends. Facebook is hence seen as a new phenomenon in the society. The treatment of Facebook will lend to the undermentioned literature reappraisal.The Uses and Gratification TheorySheldon ( 2007 ) defined this theory as different people use the media for different intents. It is normally affected by single ends, demand and desire. In other word, the people used media for their ain benefits. This theory provides us an implicit in psychological communicating position on how the persons use mass media to carry through their demands and desire. Katz et Al. ( 1974 ) explained that five premises of the utilizations and satisfactions theory. In fact, under the first premise of this theory describes that media users are active and end oriented. The intent of utilizing media is to carry through their demand ( E. Rossi, 2002 ) . In the context, Facebook is discussed as the persons ‘ motivations to socialise with others. Facebook is able to fulfill the persons ‘ interpersonal communicating through the characteristics available in the platforms ( Sheldon, 2008 ) . It was besides noted that Facebook is able to associate the users to those who portion the same involvements with them and therefore to further relationship with others ( Ellison, 2007 ) . In the past, people have used a face to confront communicating and besides one manner communicating mass media such as telecasting, wireless and films to carry through their different type of demands and desires. Sheldon ( 2008 ) explained the societal networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Blogger are used at the same time by the persons to carry through their societal demands on amusement, information and recreation. Social networking sites are able to unite assortment of these demands in on cardinal location. The developments of societal networking sites have provided the persons to fulfill their cognitive and affectional demands. Therefore, societal networking sites have became a popular ways to convey satisfaction in term of demands and desires for an person.Facebook use on college pupilThe old subdivision fundamentally described the functions and maps of societal networking sites and Facebook. Then, the farther treatment has been included to understand the utilizations of satisfaction in these new phenomenons. This subdivision will supply penetration of the Facebook use on the college pupils. Modern engineering communicating has bought the societal web such as Facebook to go one of the most of import tools to link and portion information to friends. Approximately 50 % the users in Facebook are fundamentally the population from the coevals Y which the ages range between 18 and 34 old ages ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Hepburn ( 2011 ) found that 48 % of people age ranges between 18 to 34 look into their Facebook right after the aftermath up in the forenoon while 28 % cheque in earlier go to bed. The figure of users in Facebook have been increasing really rapidly peculiar among the undergraduate pupils age scope between 18 -24, which are higher than any other age group ( Eldon, 2011 ) . These populations tend to pass a batch of clip in the societal media and log on to the site every twenty-four hours amounted to about double than any other type of media. In fact, the development of this 24/7 accessible engineerings allow the pupils to hang around in Facebook ( Fodeman and Monroe, 2009 ) . Therefore, the excessive of Facebook use has become a wont for the pupils that able to convey impact peculiarly on their academic public presentation every bit good as their quality of life. College pupils have finally going the largest user base in Facebook ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008, p. 214 ) . The old point has been supported by Smith & A ; Caruson ( 2010 ) who study found that 95 % of 18 and 19 old ages old college pupils have their ain Facebook profiles. Therefore, the two chief Facebook uses are hedonistic use which able to ensue useful motivations and the 2nd simply for leisure intents ( Rouis, 2012 ) . The Facebook use normally involved people from different ages interact and communicate. They use Facebook to portion picture, image, treatment and chew the fating with each others. The younger coevals peculiar pupils have spent up more than 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook. These yearss, pupils spend their clip more on online socialising web like Facebook compare to other socialising activities. Kutjath ( 2011 ) explains that college pupils tend express themselves in Facebook by deriving greater integrating with their friend, entree to new friends and involves in interchanging of information and cognition. However, Rouis ( 2012 ) found that pupils are good concerns about the impact of Facebook to their life. They consider their clip pass on Facebook is of import because it enable them to supply them amusement and socializes with each others. Facebook have besides become a platform for them to rest so that they can execute better on the other of import undertaking. This literature sought to understand the battle and the intents of college pupils in Facebook use. Therefore, the following subdivision will analyze on the relationship of Facebook use on the academic positions.Facebook use in academic public presentationAcademic public presentations provides as a mean to measure the impact of societal and external properties or environment that related to pupil ‘s academic undertaking and accomplishment. There are a batch of properties that contributes to the academic public presentations of the pupils, and one of the illustrations is the Facebook use ( Rois, 2012 ) . In contrast, Facebook as portion of the pupil ‘s leisure activity is able to better their societal life. However, it has besides been known as a menace on pupil ‘s academic classs. It is predicted that heavy use on Facebook able to caused pupils to less apportion their clip on prep readying ( Hofer, 2007 ) . In add-on, nomadic devices such as smartphones, tablets or laptops are used to surf on Facebook during schoolroom session that able indirectly distract their attending to the talk. Individual use on the societal networking sites like Facebook hold the same similarity to other sort of computing machine based web. Harmonizing to Kalpidou, Costin & A ; Morris ( 2007 ) , SNSs like Facebook and Myspace has been diffused to teenager ‘s life and play a major function on their academic public presentations. As we indicated in the old treatment, the two chief attacks of Facebook use are fundamentally useful motivations and leisure intents. If the Facebook use is merely pure useful motivations, it can convey impact positive to the single academic public presentations ( Burton & A ; Straub, 2006 ) . On the other side, leisure intents on Facebook will do the pupils to entree to this web from different channels and devices along the twenty-four hours. Therefore, the pupil ‘s day-to-day modus operandi will appears conflict between their survey motivations which their cognitive burden has been submerged and could non concentrate on their academic undertaking. By sing Facebook use as a leisure purposes that will impact pupils ‘ academic public presentation, Madge ( 2009 ) found that Facebook is used chiefly for societal grounds and academic-related intents. Pempek et Al. ( 2009 ) argued that the intent of Facebook use among college pupils is to pass oning with friends while treatment for assignment or prep was the least. Younger coevals particularly pupils spent up to 8 hours per twenty-four hours surfing on Facebook daily. Therefore, it increased the degree of information flow direction in pupil battle more than in their prep ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In other word, Facebook had caused pupil engage in changeless interactions and socialisation in the platform while debaring their attending from their academic work which prohibit them from concentrating on their academic undertaking. On the other side, 70 % of the college pupils perceived that Facebook would non impact their classs except for heavy use users ( Kaspernski and Duberstein, 2009 ) . Heavy use may impact on their day-to-day modus operandi and caused Facebook dependence. Therefore, Facebook use in academic has been discussed in this subdivision. The following subdivision will reason the statement and position by old survey of Facebook use on positive and negative result of Facebook use in academic public presentations. One of the most common techniques of mensurating the academic public presentations is analyse the pupil ‘s ends ( Valle et al. , 2009 ) . Premises have been made that Facebook use as a leisure activity to the pupils will impact their overall academic consequences. In this context, the chief attacks of analysing the academic public presentations is by the meant of focused on the scrutiny and assignment classs of the pupils.Positive impact of Facebook use on academic public presentat ionsThe impact normally depends on the different utilizations and satisfaction on Facebook among the college pupils. Social networking sites like Facebook are extremely based on the single utilizations and it has the possible to increase the pupil effectivity in academic ( Brady & A ; Smith, 2010 ) . Pasek ( 2009 ) argued that there is no cogent evidence that Facebook use is impacting the academic public presentations of the third instruction pupils. Hoffman ( 2009 ) explains that the positive properties of Facebook are able to heighten the acquisition environment of the pupils, every bit good as conveying motive to persons. Junco ( 2011 ) identified the same statement that Facebook contribute to the positive impact of academic public presentation. Facebook served as a platform or forum for the college pupils to portion, discuss, and update information that is related to their academic undertaking. Brady ( 2010 ) explains that interchanging information through Facebook is extremely effectual comparison to face-face communicating. The societal networking site like Facebook, Youtube and Twitter are able to convey positive consequence on cognitive and societal accomplishments. Mahadi & A ; Ubadidulla ( 2012 ) found that it can heighten the linguistic communication of the pupils in the procedure of societal interaction and feedback.Negative impact of Facebook use on academic public presentationsHowever, several surveies have found a negative relationship between Facebook use and pupil ‘s academic public presentations. Exposure to Facebook hold the inclination to convey overall negative consequence on p upils ‘ academic public presentations ( Park et al. , 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Boogart ( 2004 ) and Kirschner & A ; Duberstein ( 2009 ) highlight that Facebook is able to convey negative deductions such as lowered GPAs when it comes to heavy use. Facebook is able to do distraction consequence to an person. It is able to deflect the pupils to see Facebook profiles when they are making their work. In fact, pupils might travel on-line to look for assignment information and stop up interacting on Facebook ( Rouis, 2012 ) . As a consequence, pupils appear to see degraded on their academic public presentations. As effects, Facebook use may endanger the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Harmonizing to Ohio State University ( 2009 ) argued that there is a relationship exists between Facebook use and academic public presentation. The survey shows that those pupils that used Facebook often tend to hold the lower Grade Point Average ( GPA ) than those who seldom use Facebook. It is because most of the heavy Facebook user frequently holding job on the clip direction on their survey comparison with the light Facebook user. Madge et Al. ( 2009 ) came to the decision Facebook for societal intents are able to blow the clip to academic survey by sing as possible negative consequence to the pupils. In fact, Roblyer et Al. ( 2010 ) challenges Facebook function as an educational tool which the survey found out that Facebook usage among module and pupils for instructional intents is limited and that popular in academic universe. Furthermore, Hargittai ( 2010 ) has done the survey on negative impact of Facebook use toward pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Research shows Facebook will do pupils to lost their involvement and concentration on their prep or assignment. As a effect, its end up with undone or low quality of work. In add-on, Jackson ( 2008 ) explains that negative impact on academic public presentation besides affect by intervention by Facebook utilizations like multitasking. Students are unable to execute expeditiously on multitasking even non count how good they are. The survey besides shows that important consequences which pupils like to utilize Facebook for chew the fating and bet oning the same clip when making assignments. Jacobsen and Forste ( 2011 ) de scribed that Facebook as portion of electronic media is negatively associated with academic classs. The Facebook is able distract pupils on utilizing handphone, laptop in category or while making academic undertaking.Percept of pupils towards Facebook useIn the old surveies, there major two types of consequences shows on college pupil ‘s position toward Facebook use on academic public presentation. Students perceived self ordinance and clip direction accomplishments are of import facets to protect them from Facebook dependence ( Rouis, 2012 ) . Helou & A ; Rahim ( 2011 ) found that bulk of the pupils ‘ position that Facebook have positive impact on their academic public presentations even they are reported that the intents of engaged in Facebook are socialisation instead than academic intents. Harmonizing to Gewertz ( 2007 ) , the survey Facebook use on pupil ‘s position is effectual larning tool. It is able to better the interaction between lector and pupils. Ther efore, Facebook has peculiar become an effectual tools for college pupils when semen to the job in their assignments. Brady et Al. ( 2010 ) portion the similar findings on the pupil perceptual experience on the impact of Facebook. Majority of the pupils are reported to hold Facebook as their e-learning in their classs alternatively of face to confront communicating.DecisionThis reappraisal reflected up the research inquiry â€Å" The perceptual experience of Malayan College Students when comes to their Facebook use and academic public presentations. † Facebook as a new phenomenon in the society has gain popularity specific among the younger coevals like pupils. Previous surveies have indicated positive and negative result of Facebook. In positive position, Facebook has been view as an of import educational tool to better pupil public presentations, while in the negative position, Facebook is by and large found to be negatively affected pupil classs. However, we assumed that a lthough Facebook has been described as able to convey negative consequence on academic public presentations, the pupils will still comprehend Facebook as non impacting on their academic public presentations. Therefore, to to the full understand the impact of Facebook use towards pupils ‘ academic public presentations, it is of import to carry on a research survey in position that based on the pupils itself.Chapter 3 MethodologyChapter 3 Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe conceptual model was constructed based on the countries of treatment on the literature reviewed and that will lend to the undermentioned chapter of this survey. Therefore, this chapter will show the research method and scheme that used to roll up the information in this survey. The chapter starts by explicating the pilot survey, trying method, and research design. The concluding subdivision of this chapter will reason the research process in roll uping the information in this survey.3.2 Pilot StudyPilot survey has conducted in Tunku Abdul Rahman College Penang Branch Campus. The instruments have been assigned to 20 possible respondents. The information collected was used to minimise and analyse the mistakes in the survey. However, informations collected will non be included as the research determination. Through the pilot survey, one extra inquiry has been suggested by the respondent and therefore it has been added to the questionnaire. Some of the inquiries have been reconstructed to more comprehensive in term of grammar and linguistic communication. Correction has been made in the reply by supplying more options to the future respondents of this study.3.3 Capable and ParticipantsThe questionnaires studies were distributed to 160 respondents and entire 153 return with valid responses. Figure 4.2.1 summarizes the demographic profiles of the respondents. The respondents were 54 males and 96 females. All the respondents were undergraduate pupils runing between 18 and above 25 old ages old. Des pite of the diverseness of ethnicity, bulk of the respondents are Chinese and most of them are Diploma holder.3.4 Sampling methodThe population for this survey was Malayan college pupils. The sample was determined by purposive sampling method. A sum of 160 trying size were identified in this survey from 3 different establishments. Respondent must be a Facebook user was used as the basic standards of the purposive sampling method in this survey. To guarantee the quality of the informations collected, the respondents will be ask in verbally whether they have ain Facebook history before carry oning the study. Respondents will be informed that the informations collected is purely confidential and merely for academic intents. The information such as name, reference and contact figure will non be included in the study in order to protect the respondents ‘ privateness. To obtain the information sing the perceptual experience of the Malaysian college pupils, the establishments were narrowed to the college pupils in private establishments in Penang. The establishments were determined from the list of the best private college in Penang province accorded to Malaysian Quality Evaluation System ( 2011 ) . The list was obtained by out of 26 private colleges in Penang, the samples will be categorized into 5, 4 and 3 stars in term of overall consequence based tonss and the study will be carried out merely in three colleges. The chosen colleges are KDU Penang College, Han Chiang College and Equator Academy of Art as 5, 4 and 3 starts severally. The ground to choose these 3 colleges is to happen out the different position of the pupils in different evaluation degree of colleges.3.5 Research DesignIn this subdivision, the research design is reviewed and discussed in inside informations. The survey was to look into on the perceptual experience of Malayan Colleg e Students toward the Facebook use on their academic public presentation. In order to accomplish the research aim, quantitative research has been chosen as the method to roll up the information. The ground is because quantitative research is utile when used to quantify sentiments, attitudes and behaviours and happen out how the whole population feels about a certain issue ( Suphat Sukamolson, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Creswell ( 1994 ) , quantitative research is basically in explicating a phenomenon by roll uping numerical informations that are analyzed utilizing mathematically based methods. Therefore, to obtaining the perceptual experience and besides the consciousness on the Facebook use and academic public presentations, quantitative research is prove to be more suited. In this research survey, questionnaire study is used as the instrument to roll up the information. The questionnaires study was designed to analyze 3 major countries of ratings: consciousness of Facebook use, perceptual experience of Facebook use, and perceived effects on overall academic public presentations ( Appendix B ) . The respondents will have a standardised and consistent set of questionnaires ( Appendix B ) that consists of 15 inquiries. Demographics informations such as age, gender, race and instruction degree were collected. Then the inquiries will travel on to one of the research nonsubjective inquiries to happen out the consciousness toward their Facebook use. The manner to mensurate the consciousness of Facebook use is through the respondent ‘s cognition and degree of battle in the Facebook. 5 inquiries constructed in this subdivision such as clip spent on the Facebook daily, intent of utilizing Facebook, location and the channel that normally logon to Facebook. These inquiries included multiple picks responses the combination of 1 inquiry which the respondent s can take more than an option. The concluding subdivision of the questionnaire study focused on the perceptual experiences of the respondent towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations. The inquiries were designed to turn to on the degree of attitudes towards the certain statements. The sample steps for the construct including: Using Facebook affect my day-to-day modus operandi. Using Facebook impact my scrutiny consequence. Using Facebook affect my college assignment. Using Facebook impact my category engagement. Using Facebook impact my attending in category. These inquiries drawn a line which the respondents are required to rate in footings of the grade to which it reflects their attitude towards the statement. Likert Scale evaluation system has been used to mensurate construct of the perceptual experience towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations. For case, 5-point categorical graduated table that ranged from strongly differ to strongly hold was used to measure the degree of strength on the statement.3.6 Research ProcedureThe first informations aggregation was implemented get downing 18 November 2012 began at the Equator Academy of Art and traveling on to KDU College and Han Chiang College. It was noted the study was conducted inside the campus of Han Chiang College and chief gate for the other two colleges. Questionnaires studies were distributed to 160 respondents. In order word, a sum of 53 questionnaires have been distributed in each college. However, merely 150 respondents ‘ reply will be chosen to bring for th better quality and valid consequences. The intent is to extinguish those failed to react or did non reply wholly in the conducted study. As indicated in the old sampling method, the respondents had been asked verbally whether they have Facebook history. Then we will merely continue on distribute the questionnaires to the respondents. In the procedure of informations aggregation, accounts will be given to the respondents that have job on replying the questionnaires. Finally, each respondent took about 5 proceedingss to complete the questionnaire. In Equator Academy of Art, we started to administer a sum of 53 questionnaires to the college pupils. Finally, the response rate was 100 % . In KDU College, the questionnaires were conducted which 48 out of 54 respondents completed the questionnaire study. Last in Han Chiang College, 52 out of 54 questionnaires have been received in to the full answered respond. Therefore, the overall response rate for the study was 95 % and 153 out of 160 respondents to the full completed the questionnaire study. However, some challenges and jobs have been faced in the survey. The attitude of the respondent is one of the chief jobs faced in the informations aggregation procedure. Some of the respondents are unable to finish the questionnaire by go forthing space in certain inquiries. There are besides some mistake happened when the respondents tick more than one replies in the inquiry which the direction does non required to make so.3.7 DecisionAs a decision in this chapter, the survey was conducted at three private colleges Equator of Art and Academy, Hanchiang College and KDU College in Penang province. Quantitative research questionnaire study was used to roll up the information from the college pupils. The sampling is determined by utilizing purposive sampling method. Consequences that obtained will be farther discuss and analysis in following chapter.Chapter 4 Finding & A ; AnalysisChapter 4 Finding & A ; Analysis4.1 IntroductionThis survey sought to look into the perceptual experience o f Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation utilizing the quantitative research method. The instrument of questionnaires study has been used to roll up the information in three different instruction establishments. Datas were collected in the undermentioned country: Demographic profile, Awareness of Facebook Usage and Perception of Facebook use affect on academic public presentations4.2 Demographic ProfileThis subdivision provides the information sing the demographic profile of the study respondents. Four inquiries are asked on the instrument included degree of instruction, race, age and gender. The information presented on the Figure 4.1 is the combination consequences of the respondents in 3 different colleges.Degree of instructionPercentageCertificate 20 % Diploma 65 % Bachelor Degree 15 % Others 0 %RacePercentageMalay 5 % Chinese 71 % Indian 21 % Others 3 %AgePercentage18 20 % 19 13 % 20 40 % Above 21 27 %GenderPercentageMale 36 % Female 64 % Figure 4.2.1 Demographic Profile The tabular array above shows the demographic profile on degree of instruction. Majority 65 % respondents are Diploma holder, while 20 % and 15 % of the respondents are Certificate and Bachelor Degree holder severally. The 2nd subdivision of the tabular array above shows the demographic profile on the races. Majority 71 % of the respondents are Chinese, while 21 % are Indian. The consequence besides indicated that 5 % and 3 % of the respondents are Malay and Sikh severally. The undermentioned subdivision of the tabular array above shows the demographic profile on the age. Majority 40 % respondents are 20 old ages old and 27 % respondents are above 21 old ages old. The consequence besides included 20 % and 13 % of the respondents belongs to 18 and 19 old ages old. The concluding subdivision of the tabular array shows the demographic profile on the gender. 64 % of the entire respondents are female while the remainder 36 % are male.4.3 Awareness of Facebook UsageThis subdivision will show the consequences of Awareness of Facebook use of the respondents. All respondents were asked five inquiries sing their use on Facebook. Figure 4.2 – Figure 4.6 shows the consequences from these series of inquiries. Figure 4.3.1 Frequency of log on to Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 84 % respondents log on to Facebook daily. 11 % of the respondents logon to Facebook 1-3 times per hebdomad. The consequences besides indicated minority of respondents which merely 4 % of them log on to Facebook 1-3 times per hebdomad. However, merely 1 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to supply the complete reply. Figure 4.3.2 Location of log on to Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 73.30 % respondents normally log on to Facebook in their place. 11.33 % and 10.60 % of respondents normally logon to Facebook at inn and college severally. The consequence besides shows that merely 4 % of the respondents log on to Facebook in public topographic points. However, 0.66 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to follow the direction of the inquiry. Figure 4.3.3 Channel used to log on to Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 40 % respondents normally log on to Facebook utilizing the computing machine. The consequences indicated that computing machine is the chief channel for pupils to log on to Facebook. 29.33 % and 24 % log on to Facebook through handphone and tabular arraies severally. However, merely 6.66 % of respondents used laptop to logon to Facebook. Figure 4.3.4 Daily Time Spent on Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 40 % respondents spend 1-3 hours on Facebook daily. 17.33 % and 13.33 % of the respondents spend more than 6 hours and less than 1 hr on Facebook severally. The consequences besides indicated that 9.33 % of respondents spend 4-6 hours on Facebook daily and 20 % of them are non certain about their day-to-day clip spent on Facebook. Figure 4.3.5 The intents of utilizing Facebook The inquiry allowed the respondents to take more than one reply. Therefore, the saloon chart above shows the bulk respondents used Facebook for amusement and socialisation intents which are 34.72 % and 34.02 % severally. The consequences besides indicated that 24.31 % of the respondents use Facebook to seek for information and 4.17 % used it as recreation. However, 2.77 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to follow the direction of the inquiry. 4.4 Percept of Facebook use affect on academic public presentations This subdivision of the instrument begins to analyze the respondents ‘ perceptual experience of Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Respondent were asked to turn to on the degree of attitudes towards the certain statements. The measuring of the responses is based on the Likert Scale Rating System. IntensityStatementStrongly holdAgreeImpersonalDisagreeStrongly differa ) Using Facebook affect my day-to-day modus operandi 24 % ( 36 ) 27 % ( 40 ) 27 % ( 40 ) 13 % ( 20 ) 9 % ( 14 ) B ) Using Facebook impact my scrutiny consequence 11 % ( 16 ) 13 % ( 20 ) 36 % ( 54 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 11 % ( 16 ) degree Celsius ) Using Facebook affect my college assignment 20 % ( 30 ) 16 % ( 24 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 6 % ( 8 ) vitamin D ) Using Facebook impact my category engagement 7 % ( 10 ) 7 % ( 10 ) 28 % ( 42 ) 33 % ( 50 ) 25 % ( 38 ) vitamin E ) Using Facebook impact my attending in category 10 % ( 15 ) 6 % ( 9 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 38 % ( 56 ) 17 % ( 26 ) Figure 4.4.1: Responses to the inquiry on the perceptual experiences towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations rated with a 5 different strength on Likert graduated table evaluation system The figure above shows that 24 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook impact my day-to-day modus operandi † . 27 % of them agree with the statement, 27 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 13 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 9 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The 2nd figure shows that 11 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook affect my scrutiny consequence † . 13 % of them agree with the statement, 36 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 29 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 11 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The 3rd figure shows that 20 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook affect my college assignment † . 16 % of them agree with the statement, 29 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 29 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 6 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The undermentioned figure shows that merely 7 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using facebook impact my category engagement † . 7 % of them besides agree with the statement, 28 % of them indicate impersonal to the statement, while 33 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 25 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The last figure shows that 10 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook affect my attending in category † . Merely 6 % agree with the statement, 29 % of them indicate impersonal to the statement, while 38 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 17 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. Figure 4.4.2 Percept of Facebook will impact their overall academic public presentation The saloon chart above shows that bulk 65.33 % respondents perceived Facebook will non impact their overall academic public presentation. The respondents perceived themselves have good clip direction accomplishments and they are non addicted to Facebook However, merely 34.66 % of respondents perceived Facebook will impact their overall academic public presentation. The respondents perceived Facebook will deflect them from making their academic undertakings.Chapter 5 Discussion & A ; ConclusionChapter 5 Discussion & A ; Conclusion5.1 Summary of surveyThis survey was conducted at three instruction establishments throughout the Penang provinces. As Facebook has become a new phenomenon that had important impact to the life of the college pupils. As pupils use of the Facebook are increasing, so it is of import for the survey to understand on the impact of Facebook use on college pupils. Finally, non much research has been done on researching on the perceptual experience of the beginnings itself which are the pupils on these issues. Therefore, this survey aims to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. Therefore, one of the cardinal facets of this survey is to foreground the college pupils ‘ use on Facebook. The bulk of the pupils log on to the Facebook daily with over 73.30 % of them accesses it from their place. It was besides indicated that, pupils spent up to 1 to 3 hours per twenty-four hours. The bulk of the pupils accesses to Facebook utilizing the computing machine and laptop as it is besides been consider as nomadic personal computing machine. As expected, the pupils uses Facebook are for amusement and socialisation intents. The perceptual experiences of the pupils are explored on the Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Students besides indicated understanding on Facebook use will impact on their day-to-day modus operandi. However, the undermentioned responses remain either with impersonal response or being to differ with the statement that Facebook use will impact their academic public presentations. Therefore, it is clearly that most of the pupils perceived that Facebook use will non impact their scrutiny consequences. The perceptual experience of pupils besides noted that Facebook will non impact their overall academic undertaking public presentations included college assignment, category engagement and attending in the category. The ground is because bulk of the pupils perceived themselves have a good clip direction accomplishments. They are able to apportion their clip sagely between Facebook and academic undertaking every bit good as being addicted to Facebook.5.2 DiscussionAs note d in Chapter 2 Literature Review, exposure to Facebook hold the inclination to convey overall negative consequence on pupils ‘ academic public presentations. This survey has applied utilizations and satisfaction theory to explicate the progressively popularity of Facebook among college pupils. It is note Facebook has been used as tools to carry through college pupil ‘s societal and amusement demands. As a consequence, pupils appear to see negative impact on their academic public presentations. Regardless, heavy use of Facebook tends to do for lower pupil ‘s scrutinies classs. Facebook is able to do distraction consequence on their academic undertaking specific on those pupils that extremely engage in this societal platform. In this context, pupils appear to utilize Facebook for amusement and socialisation intents. The consequences besides display that bulk college pupils are more likely to pass 1 to 3 hr per twenty-four hours on Facebook. This may besides related t o the fact that norm of the college pupils spent up to 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook. Therefore, the current survey therefore provides the perceptual experience of Malayan college pupils toward Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Sing the initial use of the pupils in this platform, this survey noted that Facebook has been perceived that it will non do negative impact to their academic public presentations. Although Facebook has been indentify as the tools for amusement and socialisation, self ordinance such as good clip direction is able prevent pupils from Facebook dependence. Therefore, pupils are able to apportion their clip sagely apportion their clip on Facebook. The current survey consequences besides present that pupils are non the heavy users of Facebook. Therefore, it might be one of the possible deductions that Facebook uses are non the chief ground that will impact on their academic public presentations. Student have besides been reported that they normally log on to Facebook at their place alternatively of college. College pupils are more likely to less on-line to Facebook during the category. This indicated that, Facebook use has been perceived that will non impact their engagement and attending during the category.5.3 DecisionThis survey presents the perceptual experience of college pupils on Facebook use toward their academic public presentations. In fact, battle on Facebook has been measured as the variables of finding the consciousness of Facebook use. The theoretical model suggested that long clip spent on Facebook will negatively impact pupil ‘s academic public presentations. As a decision, the survey premises provide noteworthy consequences in Malayan context. Despite Facebook has been described as a possible negative consequence on pupil overall academic public presentations, in pupils ‘ perceptual experience, Facebook will non convey any negative consequence to their overall academic public presentations. Based on the consequences, self ordinances such as good clip direction accomplishment has b een viewed as the bar for this result. 5.4 Limitation of survey This subdivision sought to name out the restriction exists in this survey. First, this survey is limited to pupils in merely three colleges. Due to clip and resources restraints, the survey can merely be conducted in the limited country. In fact, there are some demographics that become of import consideration when researching the perceptual experience of college pupils in this three instruction establishments. The bulk of the respondents are the Chinese and female populations. In add-on, the survey is besides limited to the figure of responses of the pupils. Merely a sum of 160 questionnaires have been distributed to the respondents due to the clip restraints. The larger samples are required to be sufficiently stand foring the result of the whole population. Therefore, it is unreasonable to confidently generalise these consequences to users with different demographic or cultural contexts.5.5 Suggestion for future researchIn responses to the restriction above, the country of research should research more specifically on with Facebook impact of Malaysia college pupils. The research is able to carry on in larger population trying in the hereafter. In add-on to that, future survey may besides prove on the perceptual experience of the general populace on Facebook use. More or less, the research country have to be conducted in larger country included the different demographic position. Furthermore, comparative survey between Malaysian college pupils and other ci vilization context can be conducted to measure the relationship of Facebook use and academic public presentations. Last, qualitative research can be conduct in order to obtain a more in-depth apprehension on the Facebook use of the college pupils.